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Microraptor

Name: »small thief«

Length: 63 cm

Height: 15 cm

Weight: 2 kg

Diet: carnivore

Time: Cretaceous (130-125.5 MYA)

Location: Asia (China)

Dinosaur stuff

http://www.wikidino.com/…/Microraptor-notexactlyrocetscienc…

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Microraptor (meaning “small thief”) is a genus of small, dromaeosaurid dinosaur. About two dozen well-preserved fossil specimens have been recovered from Liaoning, China. They date from the early Cretaceous Period (Barremian stage), 130-125.5 million years ago. Two species have been named, M. zhaoianus and M. gui. It has recently been suggested that all of the specimens belong to a single species, which is properly called M. zhaoianus. Cryptovolans, another four-winged dromaeosaur, may also be a species of Microraptor.

Like Archaeopteryx, Microraptor provides important evidence about the evolutionary relationship between birds and dinosaurs. Microraptor had long pennaceous feathers that form wing-like surfaces on the arms and tail but also, surprisingly, on the legs. This led Xu (2003) to describe it as a “four winged dinosaur”, and to speculate that it may have glided using all four limbs for lift.

In 2000, paleontologists in China discovered the fossil remains of a four-winged dinosaur with fully developed, modern feathers on both the forelimbs and hind limbs. The six specimens were excavated from the rich fossil beds of Liaoning Province in northeastern China. They are dated at between 128 to 124 million years old (Early Cretaceous). The new species, Microraptor gui, provides more evidence that birds evolved from dinosaurs, and could go a long way to answering a question scientists have puzzled over for close to 100 years: How did a group of ground-dwelling flightless dinosaurs evolve to a feathered animal capable of flying?

Xu Xing, a paleontologist at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China, and colleagues suggest in the January 23 issue of the journal Nature that the species is an early ancestor of birds that probably used its feathered limbs, along with a long, feather-fringed tail, to glide from tree to tree. They argue that the animal represents an intermediate stage in the evolution of flight, from gliding much as flying squirrels do today to the active wing flapping of modern birds.

“To have fully formed flight feathers on the hind legs is fascinating,” said James Clark, Ronald Weintraub Associate Professor of Biology at George Washington University, Washington, D.C. “There were some interesting speculations about 90 years ago that birds might have had four feathered limbs, but no one has suggested it in recent times, since all living birds use only their forelimbs,” he said. “This find broadens the whole scope of thinking about the origins of flight.”

Much fossil evidence has been uncovered supporting the idea that birds evolved from a group of bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs called theropods. Within the theropod group, birds are most closely related to dromaeosaurids. Velociraptor, a star in the movie Jurassic Park, is probably the most famous of dromaeosaurs.

Earlier finds in Liaoning suggest that the earliest dromaeosaurs were small, feathered animals with forelimbs similar to those of Archaeopteryx, the oldest known bird at around 150 million years old, and feet with features comparable to modern tree-living birds.

This species provides another link in the emerging transition from small, meat-eating dinosaurs to birds,” said Hans-Dieter Sues, curator of vertebrate paleontology and associate director for science and collections at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. “These fossils fill in a blank in the fossil record.”

Although the M. gui fossils are about 25 million years younger than Archaeopteryx, the four-winged dinosaur is a more primitive form derived from a very early evolutionary branch of dromaeosaurs. The Chinese scientists suggest that the four-winged dinosaur is the most recent known common relative shared by both birds and dinosaurs.

Smallest known dinosaurs:

Microraptor – about 16 inches (40 cm long) and may be an adult.

Compsognathus – a theropod (meat-eater) 2 feet (60 cm) long, from 145 million years ago.

It was the size of a chicken and weighed about 6.5 pounds (3 kg).

Saltopus – 2 feet (60 cm) long insectivore (insect-eater) from about 200 million years ago.

Lesothosaurus – a 3 feet (90 cm) long, fast running, plant-eater from Africa, 200 million years ago.

Wannanosaurus – a 39 inches (1 m) pachycephalosaur, a plant-eater from China, 83-73 million years ago.

Microraptor zhaoianus

Scientific American – Kate Wong May 2001

An exquisitely complete feathered dinosaur has emerged from the famed fossil beds of northeastern China’s Liaoning Province. The new discovery, announced today in the journal Nature, gives further weight to the argument that birds evolved from dinosaurs and provides the strongest evidence yet that feathers pre-date the origin of flight.

Earlier finds from Liaoning had hinted at the presence of featherlike structures on several dinosaur specimens, but critics charged that the structures were instead fibers of the protein collagen or that the fossils represented not dinosaurs but flightless birds. Opponents of the bird-dinosaur connection also noted that no feathers were known from dromeosaurs-a group of small- to medium-size theropod dinosaurs that exhibit numerous traits in common with birds and are therefore widely held to be their closest relatives.

The new fossil, however, appears to answer both of those arguments. Paleontologist Mark Norell of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and his colleagues report that the 130-million-year-old specimen represents a dromeosaur covered with filamentous structures that exhibit a branching pattern unique to feathers.

The presence of featherlike structures on such a creature indicates that feathers must have evolved for some purpose other than flight-perhaps to help the animal keep warm. Indeed, for modern birds, which are warm-blooded, feathers provide critical insulation. Thus, Norell says, non-avian dinosaurs may have developed primitive feathers as they developed warm-bloodedness.

The dinosaur, Microraptor zhaoianus, is also touted as the smallest non-avian dinosaur yet discovered, and may also give key clues to the relationships between dromaeosaurs, troodontids, and modern birds. It was officially named by Xu and two colleagues in the December 7th issue of the journal Nature.

Measuring in at 39 centimeters (nearly 16 inches) and possessing a tail of 24 centimeters, Microraptor was a bipedal dinosaur that may have been adapted to live in trees. A small section of intermentary fuzz, what scientists believe to be the precursor to feathers, was also found on the specimen. Although it lived some 20 million years after Archaeopteryx, the first known bird, Microraptor is being called one of the most-bird like dinosaurs known, and many paleontologists believe it may play a key role in proving once and for all that birds evolved from small meat-eating dinosaurs.

“(Microraptor) shows a number of modifications to the hips, tail and teeth which are in some ways intermediate between those of advanced meat-eating dinosaurs and birds. There also appears to have been feathers, adding more evidence to the view that feathers and feather-like structures predated the origin of birds,” Dr. Paul Barrett, a professor at Oxford University said. “It might represent the most bird-like dinosaur, ” Xu told reporters.

Description

At 55-77 centimeters (1.8-2.5 ft) long from its nose to the tip of its tail, Microraptor was among the smallest known dinosaurs. Aside from its extremely small size, Microraptor was among the first non-avian dinosaurs discovered with the impressions of feathers and wings. Three specimens of M. zhaoianus have been described in detail, in addition to six specimens of M. gui described by Xu et al. in 2003, from which most feather impressions are known. Unusual even among early birds and feathered dinosaurs, Microraptor is one of the few known bird precursors to sport long flight feathers on its feet as well as its forearms and hands. Their bodies had a thick covering of feathers, with a diamond-shaped fan on the end of the tail (possibly for added stability during flight). Xu et al. (2003) compared the longer plumes on Microraptor’s head to those of the Philippine Eagle. Bands of dark and light present on some specimens may indicate color patterns present in life. Several anatomical features found in Microraptor, such as a combination of unserrated and partially serrated teeth with constricted ‘waists’, and unusually long upper arm bones, are shared with both primitive avians and primitive troodontids. Microraptor is particularly similar to the basal troodontid Sinovenator; in their 2002 description of two M. zhaoianus specimens, Hwang et al. note that this is not particularly surprising, given that both Microraptor and Sinovenator are very primitive members of two closely related groups, and both are close to the deinonychosaurian split between dromaeosaurids and troodontids.

Paleobiology

Wings

Microraptor had two sets of wings, on both its fore- and hind legs. The long feathers on the legs of Microraptor were true flight feathers as seen in modern birds, with asymmetrical vanes on the arm, leg, and tail feathers. As in bird wings, Microraptor had both primary (anchored to the hand) and secondary (anchored to the arm) flight feathers. This standard wing pattern was mirrored on the hind legs, with flight feathers anchored to the upper foot bones as well as the upper and lower leg. It had been proposed by Chinese scientists that the animal glided, and probably lived in trees, pointing to the fact that wings anchored to the feet of Microraptor would have hindered their ability to run on the ground, and suggest that all primitive dromaeosaurids may have been arboreal.

Sankar Chatterjee determined in 2005 that, in order for the creature to glide or fly, the wings must have been split-level (like a biplane) and not overlayed (like a dragonfly), and that the latter posture would have been anatomically impossible. Using this biplane model, Chatterjee was able to calculate possible methods of gliding, and determined that Microraptor most likely employed a phugoid style of gliding–launching itself from a perch, the animal would have swooped downward in a deep ‘U’ shaped curve and then lifted again to land on another tree. The feathers not directly employed in the biplane wing structure, like those on the tibia and the tail, could have been used to control drag and alter the flight path, trajectory, etc. The orientation of the hind wings would also have helped the animal control its gliding flight. Chatterjee also used computer algorithms that test animal flight capacity to test whether or not Microraptor was capable of true, powered flight, in addition to passive gliding. The resulting data showed that Microraptor did have the requirements to sustain level powered flight, so it is theoretically possible that the animal flew on occasion in addition to gliding.

Ground movement

Some paleontologists have suggested that feathered dinosaurs used their wings to parachute from trees, possibly in order to attack or ambush prey on the ground, as a precursor to gliding or true flight. In their 2007 study, Chatterjee and Templin tested this hypothesis as well, and found that the combined wing surface of Microraptor was too narrow to successfully parachute to the ground without injury from any significant height. However, the authors did leave open the possibility that Microraptor could have parachuted short distances, as between closely spaced tree branches.

Chatterjee and Templin also ruled out the possibility of a ground-based takeoff. Microraptor lacked the necessary adaptations in its shoulder joint to lift its front wings high enough vertically to generate lift from the ground, and the authors argued that a ground-based takeoff would have damaged flight feathers on the feet. This leaves only the possibility of launching from an elevated perch, and the authors noted that even modern birds do not need to use excess power when launching from trees, but use the downward-swooping technique they found in Microraptor.

Implications

The unique wing arrangement found in Microraptor raised the question of its importance to the origin of flight in modern birds–did avian flight go through a four-winged stage, or were four-winged gliders like Microraptor an evolutionary side-branch that did not leave descendants? As early as 1915, some scientists had argued that the evolution of bird flight may have gone through a four-winged (or tetrapteryx) stage. Chatterjee and Templin did not take a strong stance on this possibility, noting that both a conventional interpretation and a tetrapteryx stage are equally possible. However, based on the presence of unusually long leg feathers in various feathered dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx, and some modern birds such as raptors, as well as the discovery of Pedopenna (another dinosaur with long primary feathers on its feet), the authors argued that the current body of evidence, both from morphology and phylogeny, suggests that bird flight did shift at some point from shared limb dominance to front-limb dominance, and that all modern birds may have evolved from four-winged ancestors, or at least ancestors with unusually long leg feathers relative to the modern configuration.

Naming

The naming of Microraptor is controversial, because of the unusual circumstances of its first description. The first specimen to be described was part of a chimeric specimen – a patchwork of unrelated feathered dinosaur species assembled from multiple specimens in China and smuggled to the USA for sale. After the forgery was revealed by Xu Xing of Beijing’s Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Storrs L. Olson, curator of birds in the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution, published a description of the tail in an obscure journal, giving it the name Archaeoraptor liaoningensis in an attempt to remove the name from the paleornithological record by assigning it to the part least likely to be a bird. However, Xu had discovered the remainder of the specimen from which the tail had been taken and published a description of it later that year, giving it the name Microraptor zhaoianus.

Since the two names designate the same individual as the type specimen, Microraptor zhaoianus is a junior objective synonym of Archaeoraptor liaoningensis and the latter, if valid, has priority. So, according to some interpretations of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the valid name for this dinosaur probably is Archaeoraptor liaoningensis Olson 2000. However, there is some doubt whether Olson in fact succeeded in meeting all the formal requirements for establishing a new taxon. Most paleontologists are unwilling to use the name Archaeoraptor regardless of the precise legal status of the name. This is firstly because that name is strongly associated with the fraud and the National Geographic scandal and secondly because they view Olson’s use of the name as attempted nomenclatural sabotage and do not want to support it. The name Microraptor zhaoianus Xu et al., 2000 has therefore almost attained universal currency.

Species list

So far, six virtually complete skeletons of Microraptor have been found in Liaoning, China in 2001 and 2002.

-Family: Dromaeosauridae

-Clade Microraptoria

-Genus: Microraptor

-Microraptor zhaoianus

-Microraptor gui

Note: Cryptovolans pauli, which has the same four-wing body plan as M. gui, may also be a species of Microraptor. Senter et al. 2004 found that M. zhaoianus, M. gui, and C. pauli are all the same species (M. zhaoianus).

In popular culture

Microraptor has appeared in a number of documentaries, books, and films. The genus featured prominently in the third episode of the 2006 mockumentary television series Prehistoric Park. In the episode, Microraptor were shown flocking down from trees to feast on worms and insects that were brought to the surface by the passage of giant titanosaurs. Microraptor also appeared on a NOVA documentary titled The Four Winged Dinosaur.

A Microraptor named Guido appeared in the animated film The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers. In James Gurney’s 2007 book Dinotopia: Journey to Chandara, the Chandaran Empire, comprising the southeastern portion of the island of Dinotopia, is ruled by the Microraptor Emperor Hugo Khan. A Microraptor model was introduced into the Carnegie Collection in 2006.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Sauropsida

Superorder: Dinosauria

Order: Saurischia

Suborder: Theropoda

Family: Dromaeosauridae

Subfamily: Microraptorinae

Genus: Microraptor Xu et al, 2000

Species:

M. zhaoianus

M. gui Xu et al, 2003